Transitions ...

Transitions

Words and phrases such as "however," "similarly" and "therefore" -- are the turn signals of language. By indicating the relationship between the previous sentence or paragraph and upcoming ideas, they tell the reader where the writer is going. A writer who fails to use transitions is as incompetent as a driver who fails to use turn signals.

Transitional words and phrases can indicate several kinds of patterns, directions or shifts: -- Sequence: "first," "second," "finally," "lastly"

-- Chronology: "then," "eventually," "later," "still"

-- Addition: "another," "also," "furthermore," "too"

-- Similarity: "likewise," "in the same way," "equally"

-- Exemplification: "for example," "in particular," "such as"

-- Emphasis: "above all," "moreover," "what is most"

-- Result: "consequently," "accordingly," "so," "thus"

-- Concession: "even so," "despite that," "anyway"

-- Contrast: "on the other hand," "by contrast," "however"

-- Digression: "by the way," "incidentally," "in passing"

-- Summary: "in conclusion," "above all," "to sum up"

How skillful are you at using transitions? See whether you can select an appropriate transition to express the relationship between the first and second sentences in each pair:

1. Most people believe that we must use less oil. Finding practical alternatives to petroleum has been difficult.

2. Using less oil will decrease our dependence on foreign countries. It will help preserve the natural environment.

3. The search for new sources of energy is a top national priority. The government is spending billions of dollars to fund research in this area.

4. Many forms of alternative energy are being explored or re-examined. Research is being conducted on bio-fuels, wind power and solar energy.

5. Skeptics of new technologies point out that these sources aren't yet cost-effective. Continuing research serves our long-term national interest.

6. European nations are searching for ways to lower their greenhouse gas emissions. The United States is seeking to tighten emissions standards.

Transitions: 1. contrast 2. addition 3. result 4. exemplification 5. concession 6. similarity

Rob Kyff, a teacher and writer in West Hartford, Conn.